Once you have Python 3 installed and working, it’s time to migrate to Python 3. In most cases, it’s not hard to upgrade your code, and you can follow multiple strategies.
What you need to do is:
- Upgrade your own code
- Upgrade to newer versions of your dependencies
Luckily, there are some tools that can help us!
2to3
2to3 is a Python program that reads Python 2 source code and applies a series of fixers to transform it into valid Python 3 code. The standard library contains a rich set of fixers that will handle almost all code.
A notable change in Python 3 is that print is now a function called print(). For example, this Python 2 code:
def greet(name):
print "Hello, {0}!".format(name)
print "What's your name?"
name = raw_input()
greet(name)
Can be converted by calling:
$ 2to3 greet.py
By default, this only prints the difference to your screen for inspection. If it looks alright, you can use the -w option to actually changes the file:
$ 2to3 -w greet.py
The original file is changed, and the old file will be saved as greet.py.bak. The result:
def greet(name):
print("Hello, {0}!".format(name))
print("What's your name?")
name = input()
greet(name)
Some of the more interesting flags for 2to3 are:
| Flag | Function |
|---|---|
| -l | list all fixers |
| -x | excludes selected fixer |
| -f | explicitly run only this fix |
| -w | Update the file instead of printing to stdout |
Please go ahead and read the full 2to3 documentation before you start converting your code.
Six
six is a Python 2 and 3 compatibility library. The project helps codebases to support both Python 2 and 3. I would recommend migrating completely to Python 3 with 2to3, but if you can’t, for whatever reason, you can at least make your codebase work on both versions.
Six offers functions that smooth the differences in syntax between Python 2 and 3. An easy-to-grasp example of this is six.print_(). In Python 3, printing is done with the print() function. In Python 2, print works without the parentheses. By using six.print_(), you can support both languages with one statement.
A few nice to know’s:
- The name six comes from the fact that two times three equals six.
- For a similar library, also check out the
futurepackage.
Upgrade your packages
You probably need to upgrade the packages you depend on. For each package version you are using, try to find out if it already supports Python 3. If it doesn’t, find a version that does. You may have to alter some code since APIs tend to change over time.
If you’re in a hurry and your package’s API has changed significantly, you can try finding the lowest version of the package that supports Python 3. The chances are that the API hasn’t changed as much in the lower version. It’s almost always better to use the latest versions, but at least it’s a step in the right direction!
Check for a minimum-required Python version
Once you’re migrated to Python 3, add a check for the Python version in your code. This way, you can ensure you and your users are not running your script with an incompatible version, which will cause incomprehensible errors and frustration. Use a simple check like this:
>if not sys.version_info > (2, 7): # berate your user for running a 10 year # python version elif not sys.version_info >= (3, 5): # Kindly tell your user (s)he needs to upgrade # because you're using 3.5 features
